Editing Army

{{Version|1.23}}
{{Hatnote|This page deals with the '''recruitment and maintenance of armies'''. For specific combat mechanics see [[land warfare]]. For different individual unit types see [[land units]].}}
An army refers to a country's land forces.

The basic unit of land forces is the regiment, each consisting of 1000 soldiers at full strength. Each regiment is classed as [[#Unit types|''Infantry'', ''Cavalry'' or ''Artillery'']]. Regiments are grouped into armies. Each army can be led by a [[Military leaders|general or conquistador]].

== Recruiting an army ==
{{SVersion|1.24}}
Recruiting regular forces requires an owned, unoccupied province to recruit in, and three resources: {{icon|manpower|24px}}manpower, {{icon|ducat|24px}}ducats, and {{icon|time|24px}}time. Each province can recruit one regiment at a time, though multiple regiments can be queued up in a single province. The base cost and time of a regiment depends on its type; this is then adjusted by any modifiers, in particular any buildings the province might have. Regiments start with 50% of maximum [[Morale of armies|morale]].

===Manpower===
{{main|Manpower}}
It takes [[File:Global manpower.png|28px]]1000 manpower to recruit a regiment.<ref name=defines>See in {{path|defines}}.</ref> Manpower is also used for [[#Reinforcements|reinforcing]] depleted regiments.

=== Regiment cost ===
[[File:Regiment cost.png|28px]] Regiment cost is computed as follows:
<math>\text{regiment cost} = \text{base cost} \cdot \text{max} \left( 100% +  \sum\text{regiment cost modifiers} ,20% \right)</math>

==== Base cost ====
The base costs for recruiting a regiment are:<ref name=defines />
*10{{icon|ducats|24px}} for {{icon|infantry|24px}} infantry
*25{{icon|ducats|24px}} for {{icon|cavalry|24px}} cavalry
*30{{icon|ducats|24px}} for {{icon|artillery|24px}} artillery

==== Regiment cost modifiers ====
Regiment cost may be affected by general and type-specific modifiers which are summed.

===== General modifiers =====
General modifiers reduce the cost of all types of [[land units]].
{| class="mildtable"
! style="width:30px" | [[File:Regiment cost.png|24px]]
! Conditions
|-
| align=right | {{green|−20%}} || as {{icon|tengri|24px}}Tengri country
|-
| align=right | {{green|−5%}} || for [[trading in]] {{icon|iron|24px}} iron
|-
| align=right | {{green|−10%}} || with {{icon|parliament|24px}} parliament and ''“Expand the Army”'' as active issue
|-
| align=right | {{green|−33%}} || as optional [[difficulty]] bonus (for the player (very easy) ''or'' the AI (very hard))
|}
Ideas and policies:
{{bonus table|regiment cost}}
There are also many modifiers from decisions, events and missions that affect regiment cost.

===== Type-specific modifiers =====
Some specific modifiers reduce only the cost of one unit type.

'''Infantry'''
{| class="mildtable"
! style="width:30px" | [[File:Infantry cost.png|24px]]
! Conditions
|-
| align=right | {{red|+1%}} || for each percentage point of [[inflation]]<ref name=sm>See in {{path|static modifiers}} ([[Static modifiers]]).</ref>
|}
Ideas and policies:
{{bonus table|inf cost|collapse=yes}}
There are also many modifiers from decisions, events and missions that affect infantry cost.

'''Cavalry'''
{| class="mildtable"
! [[File:cavalry cost.png|24px]]
! Conditions
|-
| align=right | {{red|+1%}} || for each percentage point of [[inflation]]<ref name=sm />
|-
| align=right | {{red|+20%}} '''/''' {{green|−20%}} || from {{icon|cossacks|24px}}cossacks estates (scales with loyalty and influence) (only with {{icon|cos|24px}})
|-
| align=right | {{green|−20%}} || from {{icon|tribes|24px}}tribes estates at high loyalty (scales with influence) (only with {{icon|cos|24px}})
|-
| align=right | {{green|−10%}} || from {{icon|livestock|24px}}trading in livestock
|}
Ideas and policies: 
{{bonus table|cav cost|collapse=yes}}
There are also many modifiers from decisions, events and missions that affect cavalry cost.

'''Artillery'''
{| class="mildtable"
! style="width:30px" | [[File:artillery cost.png|24px]]
! Conditions
|-
| align=right | {{red|+1%}} || for each percentage point of [[inflation]]<ref name=sm />
|}
Ideas and policies: 
{{bonus table|art cost}}
There are also many modifiers from decisions, events and missions that affect artillery cost.

=== Recruitment time ===
The [[File:Recruitment time.png|28px]] recruitment time of a regiment is computed as follows:
<math>\text{recruitment time} = \text{base time} \cdot \left( 100% +  \sum\text{recruitment time modifiers} \right)</math>

==== Base time ====
The base time for recruiting a regiment is:<ref name=defines />
*60 days for {{icon|infantry|24px}} infantry
*90 days for {{icon|cavalry|24px}} cavalry
*120 days for {{icon|artillery|24px}} artillery

==== Recruitment time modifiers ====
Recruitment time can be affected by countrywide and provincial modifiers which are added.

;Countrywide modifiers
{| class="mildtable"
! style="width:30px" | [[File:Recruitment time.png|24px]]
! Conditions
|-
| align=right | {{green|−20%}} || for [[trading in]] {{icon|copper|24px}} copper
|-
| align=right | {{green|−10%}} || with {{icon|parliament|24px}} parliament and ''“Expand the Army”'' as active issue
|-
| align=right | {{red|+2%}} || for each point of {{icon|war exhaustion|24px}} war exhaustion<ref name=sm />
|}
Ideas and policies:
{{bonus table|recruitment time}}
There are also many modifiers from decisions, events and missions that affect recruitment time.

;Provincial modifiers
{| class="mildtable"
! style="width:30px" | {{icon|local regiment recruit speed}}
! Conditions
|-
| align=right | {{red|+20%}}{{0|.0}} || for [[blockaded]] provinces<ref name=sm />
|-
| align=right | {{red|+30%}}{{0|.0}} || for [[looted]] provinces<ref name=sm />
|-
| align=right | {{red|+10%}}{{0|.0}} || for each point {{icon|local unrest|24px}} local unrest<ref name=sm />
|-
| align=right | {{green|−1%}}{{0|.0}} || per provincial tax income<ref name=sm />
|}

===Composition===
{{see also|Land_warfare#Unit_deployment{{!}}Battlefield unit deployment logic}}
To maximize [[land warfare|combat effectiveness of an army]], the ratio of infantry, cavalry and artillery is vital. 

* To avoid the insufficient support penalty, an army must not surpass the maximum ratio of cavalry per infantry regiments.
* Artillery can fire from the second line, and therefore can vastly increase the effectiveness of an army.
* Artillery defends first line units from attacks with half of its defense points in the corresponding battle phase.
* Since artillery takes twice the normal damage when in the front line, it should be deployed in the second line. To achieve this, the number of artillery should not exceed the number of cavalry and infantry combined. Also reserves should be calculated to replace lost regiments in first line. 
* With artillery being three times and cavalry two-and-a-half times more expensive than infantry, a more infantry heavy but cheaper army could be more cost-efficient, especially if a nation suffers from cavalry or artillery penalties. Eight infantry regiments can easily beat three infantry + two cavalry due to flanking effects.
* Having a 40 regiment army in a province with only 30 supply limit will cause massive attrition. It is wise to split an army in half when crossing territory with low supply limits in order to keep attrition at a minimum.

'''Example army relying on above information:''' (On plain terrain, with 11 combat width from technology and 15 base, 50% insufficient support limit)
{{Battle|single=1
|{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}
|{{Battle/C|CAV|green}}{{Battle/C|CAV|green}}{{Battle/C|CAV|green}}{{Battle/C|CAV|green}}{{Battle/C|CAV|green}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|CAV|green}}{{Battle/C|CAV|green}}{{Battle/C|CAV|green}}{{Battle/C|CAV|green}}{{Battle/C|CAV|green}}
}} ''+ 8 infantry, 5 cavalry reserves potentially not fielded if combat width too small''

For Eastern/Western factions where there are few nation bonuses to cavalry combat effectiveness, cavalry should be fielded only to maximize flanking effectiveness. The number of cavalry should therefore change with flanking range at military technology 18 and 30. To understand why, consider that infantry begins with 1 flanking range and cavalry 2. This means that if you outnumber the enemy, there is only need for 2 cavalry units for the far-flanks as your infantry will flank one unit to the side. This dynamic changes at military technology 18 where infantry has 1 flanking range, but cavalry has 3. Here, a minimum of 4 cavalry units (2 on each side) is required. The dynamic changes for the last time at level 30, where 6 cavalry units will be required for maximize flanking.

For example:
* '''Early game:''' 8 infantry, 2 cavalry, 5 artillery
{{Battle
|1={{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|NUL|red}}
|2={{Battle/C|CAV|green}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|CAV|green}}
|single=1}}
* '''Mid game:''' 18 infantry, 2 cavalry, 10 artillery
{{Battle
|1={{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}
|2={{Battle/C|CAV|green}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|CAV|green}}
|3={{Battle/C|NUL}}{{Battle/C|CAV|blue}}{{Battle/C|INF|blue}}{{Battle/C|INF|blue}}
|single=1}}
* '''Late game:''' 36 infantry, 4 cavalry, 20 artillery
{{Battle
|1={{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}{{Battle/C|ART|yellow}}
|2={{Battle/C|CAV|green}}{{Battle/C|CAV|green}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|INF}}{{Battle/C|CAV|green}}{{Battle/C|CAV|green}}
|single=1}}

* This rule does not apply to non-Eastern/Western nations who may have cavalry combat effectiveness bonuses and/or inferior infantry units compared to their Eastern/Western counterparts. Therefore, if you are playing Anatolian, Muslim or Nomadic factions and seek only combat effectiveness, field as many cavalry as the insufficient support limit allows.
* Fewer losses will be sustained with numerical superiority. When above 10:1, victory may be granted with no combat. To attain numerical superiority, it may require exceeding the supply limit temporarily, especially if forces are technologically inferior. By splitting forces, it is possible to lure an enemy into an unfavorable position without exceeding supply limits.
* When defending against a numerically superior army, fighting in terrain with an attacker combat penalty is ideal. [[Land_warfare#Terrain|Rough terrain]] gives from -1 to -2 combat penalty for the attacker and is added to river or strait crossing penalty and amphibious landing penalty.

== Maintenance ==
{{SVersion|1.24}}
An army needs a certain amount of money every month as maintenance. This cost can be influenced by the army maintenance slider of the [[economy interface]]. Reducing the maintenance slider can (multiplicatively) reduce maintenance cost by up to half, but also reduces [[#reinforcements|reinforcement rates]] and [[morale of armies|morale]].  At 0% funding, regiments will not reinforce, and maximum morale will be reduced by 100% (additive with other percentage modifiers) to a minimum of 0.51 (the minimum required for an army to move).

=== Regiment maintenance cost ===
The maintenance cost (at a full maintenance slider) of a regiment is computed as follows:

<math>\begin{align}
    \text{regiment maintenance cost per month} = & \ 0.02 \cdot \left( \text{regiment strength} \right) \cdot \left( \text{base regiment cost} \right) \cdot \text{max} \left( 100% +  \sum\text{regiment cost modifiers} ,20% \right)\\
    & \cdot \left( 100\% + \sum\text{land maintenance cost modifiers} \right)\\
    & \cdot \left( 100\% + 0.02 \cdot \text{military technology} \right)
\end{align}</math>

In other words, they cost 2% of their recruitment cost,<ref>The 2% result from LAND_MAINTENANCE_FACTOR which is set by {{path|defines}} to 0.25 divided by 12 and round after 3 digits.</ref> multiplied by the sum of all maintenance modifiers, multiplied by the technology factor, per month. Therefore, any modifier that affects the cost of creating new regiments (at the time of recruitment) also affects the maintenance of units.

==== Maintenance cost modifiers ====
{{SVersion|1.23}}
These modifiers affect the maintenance cost of [[land units]] and generally work additively, except for the maintenance impact of {{red|+2%}} per {{icon|mil tech}} military technology<ref>See in {{path|defines}}: LAND_TECH_MAINTENANCE_IMPACT = 0.02</ref>, which is multiplicative with all other factors.

{| class="mildtable"
! {{icon|land maintenance modifier|24px}}
! Conditions
|-
| align=right | {{green|−25%}} || for having a [[native council]] government
|-
|  align=right | {{green|−20%}} || from having 100% militarization with {{icon|monarchy}} [[Prussia#Prussian_Monarchy|Prussian Monarchy]] (scales with militarization) (only with {{icon|rom}})
|-
| align=right | {{green|−15%}} || for raising [[war taxes]] for up to two years
|-
| align=right | {{green|−15%}} || for being the {{icon|revolution target}} revolution target.
|-
| align=right | {{red|+10%}} '''/''' {{green|−10%}} || from {{icon|nobility}} nobility estates (scales with loyalty and influence) (only with {{icon|cos}})
|-
| align=right | {{green|−10%}} || for having a {{icon|grand captain|28px}} grand captain as advisor
|-
| align=right | {{green|−10%}} || for [[trading in]] {{icon|salt}}salt
|-
| align=right | {{green|−10%}} || with {{icon|parliament}} parliament and ''“Quartering of Troops”'' as active issue
|-
| align=right | {{green|−10%}} || for having the reform ''“A Unified Army”'' as {{icon|mayan}} Mayan country
|}
Ideas and policies:
{{bonus table|land maintenance modifier}}
There are also many modifiers from decisions, events and missions that affect {{icon|land maintenance modifier|24px}} land maintenance modifier.

=== Total maintenance cost ===
{{See also|Force limit}}
The total maintenance cost of an army also depends on the [[land force limit]] of the country. If a country has more regiments than its land force limit, maintenance of all units will be multiplied by the ratio of units – with the units over the force limit counting twice<ref name=defines /> – to the force limit. For example, if a country has 15 regiments and a land force limit of 10, the maintenance of each regiment is doubled.

== Quality ==
{{SVersion|1.24}}
While {{icon|quantity|24px}} quantity is an important factor in warfare, {{icon|quality|24px}} quality could be considered even more crucial in the grand scheme of things. An army outnumbered by 10,000 men can find victory in better discipline and morale, and as an opponent of war-orientated European continentals such as {{flag|France}} and {{flag|Prussia}}, many will most likely experience the effects of these high-quality armies at some point.

Choosing the right [[land units]] as {{icon|mil tech|24px}} military technology advances can synergize well with a country's national ideas and abilities. At any point, it is better to upgrade troops when possible and pick the specific variation afterwards than stay with the older weaker troop type.

Several {{icon|idea unlock}} idea groups can be taken to progressively improve armies' performance on the battlefield. Additionally, some countries get specific bonuses resembling the strength their army had in actual history.

=== Morale improvements ===
{{icon|land morale}} Morale indicates how long an army can keep fighting without routing. It is affected by both prestige and power projection, which increase morale by {{green|+0.1}}% for every point.

'''Army morale'''
{{bonus table|land morale|collapse=yes}}

==== Morale recovery improvements ====
{{icon|land morale recovery}} Morale recovery affects how long an army will take to recover to full morale after it was lost in a battle or by changing the maintenance slider.

'''Army morale recovery'''
{{bonus table|land morale recovery}}

=== Discipline improvements ===
{{icon|discipline}} Discipline is a very important combat modifier, as it both multiplies the amount of casualties and the morale cost of these casualties. It starts off at 100%.
{{bonus table|discipline|collapse=yes}}

=== Combat ability improvements ===
''Combat ability'' is a value that is multiplied with the units' damage dealt (both for casualties and morale), making it work similarly like discipline, but only for a specific type of unit while discipline affects infantry, cavalry and artillery alike. It also has no effect on military tactics, unlike discipline.

'''Infantry combat ability'''
{{bonus table|infantry power|collapse=yes}}

'''Cavalry combat ability'''
{{bonus table|cavalry power|collapse=yes}}

'''Artillery combat ability'''
{{bonus table|artillery power}}

=== General improvements ===
These modifiers affect the base attributes of the military leader and are added on top of them.

'''Land leader shock'''
{{bonus table|land leader shock|collapse=yes}}

'''Land leader fire'''
{{bonus table|land leader fire}}

'''Land leader maneuver'''
{{bonus table|land leader maneuver|collapse=yes}}

'''Leader siege'''
{{bonus table|leader siege}}

===Army tradition===
{{main|Military tradition#Army tradition}}
Army tradition provides powerful boons to the offensive power of armies. It also provides a higher chance of getting land leaders with a high fire/shock/maneuver/siege value. 100 army tradition gives the following bonuses, which scale linearly to 0% at 0 tradition.
{{#lsth:Static modifiers|Army tradition}}

==Supply and attrition==
{{SVersion|1.24}}
An army will take attrition damage on the first day of each month if the total supply weight of all non-hostile armies in the province exceeds the supply limit of that province. This can happen even in owned provinces. The amount of attrition depends on the supply weight of all troops in that province in comparison to the local supply limit.

===Supply weight===
Each regiment in an army has a supply weight of 1. The total supply weight of an army with a leader is reduced by 1 for each point of maneuver the leader has. Province modifiers that increase attrition act by increasing the supply weight of each army in addition to increasing attrition. The final attrition damage for an army is determined by this formula:

<math> \text{attrition (} \% \text{)} = \left( \frac{ \# \text{ of troops} }{1000} + \text{Unit Weight attrition modifiers} - \text{TRUNC(supply limit)} \right) \cdot \frac{10}{ \text{TRUNC(supply limit)} } + \text{province attrition modifiers} </math>

where

<math>\text{supply limit} = (\text{base} + \text{terrain bonus}) \cdot (1 + \text{supply limit efficiency}) </math>

The only exception to this is if an army has moved into a province where two hostile forces are engaged in combat. As the combatants are temporarily neutral to the newly arrived army, some of their supply weight will still be added to this armies' and may cause attrition. 

===Supply limit===
The base supply limit of each province depends on the terrain type:

{|class = "mildtable sortable"
! Source !! Supply limit
|-
| Base || {{green|+6}}
|-
| Farmlands || {{green|+10}}
|-
| Grassland || {{green|+8}}
|-
| Drylands || {{green|+7}}
|-
| Coastline || {{green|+6}}
|-
| Highlands || {{green|+6}}
|-
| Savannah || {{green|+6}}
|-
| Steppes || {{green|+6}}
|-
| Woods || {{green|+6}}
|-
| Hills || {{green|+5}}
|-
| Jungle || {{green|+5}}
|-
| Marsh || {{green|+5}}
|-
| Coastal Desert || {{green|+4}}
|-
| Desert || {{green|+4}}
|-
| Glacier || {{green|+2}}
|-
| Mountains || {{green|+4}}
|-
| Forest || {{green|+4}}
|}

This is then adjusted by supply limit efficiency modifiers. All modifiers below stack additively:
{|class = "mildtable sortable"
! Amount !! class="unsortable" | Source
|-
|align=right | {{green|+50%}} || Province is coastal
|-
|align=right | {{green|+50%}} || Area of the province has a supply depot
|-
|align=right | {{green|+25%}} || Owner of province
|-
|align=right | {{green|+10%}} || Military Access/Allied/Controlled/Cored Enemy Province
|-
|align=right | {{green|+2%}} || Per {{icon|development}} development level
|-
|align=right | up to {{red|−50%}} ||Proportional to the level of {{icon|devastation}} [[devastation]]
|-
|align=right | {{red|−20%}} || {{icon|arid|32px}} Arid climate
|-
|align=right | {{red|−30%}} || {{icon|tropical|32px}} Tropical climate
|-
|align=right | {{red|−40%}} || {{icon|arctic|32px}} Arctic climate
|-
|align=right | {{red|−10%}} || [[File:Winter_mild.png|32px]] Mild winter
|-
|align=right | {{red|−20%}} || [[File:Winter_normal.png|32px]] Normal winter
|-
|align=right | {{red|−30%}} || [[File:Winter_severe.png|32px]] Severe winter
|-
|align=right | {{red|−10%}} || [[File:Mild_monsoon.png|32px]] Mild monsoon
|-
|align=right | {{red|−20%}} || [[File:Normal_monsoon.png|32px]] Normal monsoon
|-
|align=right | {{red|−30%}} || [[File:Severe_monsoon.png|32px]] Severe monsoon
|-
|align=right | {{green|+50%}} ||{{icon|mil tech}} Military technology level 5
|-
|align=right | {{green|+50%}} ||{{icon|mil tech}} Military technology level 12
|-
|align=right | {{green|+50%}} ||{{icon|mil tech}} Military technology level 17
|-
|align=right | {{green|+50%}} ||{{icon|mil tech}} Military technology level 19
|-
|align=right | {{green|+50%}} ||{{icon|mil tech}} Military technology level 27
|-
|align=right | {{green|+50%}} ||{{icon|mil tech}} Military technology level 31
|}

There are currently no ideas to alter this further.

===Attrition damage===
Under normal circumstances, the amount of attrition is x%, where x is 10/supply limit, for each point of supply weight in excess of the local supply limit, up to a maximum of 5%. Armies that are besieging hostile provinces take 1 unit of supply weight extra attrition, regardless of their size. An army trying to take back its own captured province does not suffer this penalty. For the duration of a battle, the armies engaged do not suffer attrition.

Example: An army with 20 supply weight in a province with 17 supply limit would normally take (20 - 17)*(10/17) = 1.76% attrition each month. If that army were besieging a hostile province it would suffer
(20 + 1 - 17)*10/17 = 2.35% attrition.

Besieging armies will always take at least 1% base Attrition attrition, even if the province is unfortified. This rule only applies to enemy-owned provinces, however - when besieging friendly provinces to retake them from the enemy, this rule is ignored. 

Attrition damage is applied before reinforcements, so an army suffering from attrition will not take noticeable damage unless the attrition exceeds the reinforcement rate. This can mask an otherwise severe drain in manpower due to attrition, so players are advised to pay careful attention to any army with the attrition icon ({{icon|attrition}}). The attrition damage taken by a unit is proportional to the current strength of the unit and not the maximum strength of the unit.

=== Attrition modifiers ===
Climates that increase attrition according to the in-game tooltips act by increasing each army's supply weight instead. Devastated provinces will also increase local attrition rates. Attrition stacks additively.

{| class="mildtable"
|-tabledifier !! Supply<br>Weight !! Extra Attrition<br>for Enemies
|-
| Arctic || {{red|−40%}} || {{green|+1%}} 
|-
| Tropical || {{red|−30%}} || {{green|+2%}} 
|-
| Arid || {{red|−20%}} || {{green|+1%}} 
|-
| Mild Winter || {{red|−10%}} || {{green|+1%}} 
|-
| Normal Winter || {{red|−20%}} || {{green|+2%}} 
|-
| Severe Winter || {{red|−30%}} || {{green|+3%}} 
|-
| Devastation || Up to {{red|−50%}} ||
|-
| General Maneuver Pips || {{Green|−(1-6)}} ||
|}

The 7th idea of the Defensive Ideas group, Improved Foraging, reduces all attrition taken by friendly armies by 25%, applied multiplicatively.  For example, an army under the supply limit with Improved Foraging besieging an enemy province takes 0.7% monthly attrition.  It would make sense for the attrition to be 0.75% monthly, but the attrition display indicates 0.7%. The bonus for completing the Defensive Ideas group causes enemy troops to take 1% attrition on top of normal attrition values while in friendly territory.

Ideas which reduce attrition are applied after reaching the attrition cap, so an army with -25% attrition damage has an effective maximum attrition of 4%.

Unique national ideas, idea groups and policies which affect land attrition:
{{bonus table|land attrition}}
Land attrition is capped at {{green|−80%}}, resulting in 1% maximum attrition. 

Additionally, there are ideas that give a malus to attrition to enemies on a nation's territory:
{{bonus table|hostile attrition|collapse=yes}}

== Reinforcements ==
{{SVersion|1.24}}
Army regiments that have taken casualties will gradually reinforce up to their full strength according to available manpower, or if they are mercenaries - usually at a significant cost. However, if they gain more soldiers monthly than they lose to attrition, there is ''no extra cost'' beyond base army maintenance, so reinforcement speed modifiers can save you a lot of money - even so, beware of heavy attrition.

=== Reinforcement speed ===
The number of reinforcements that each regiment can receive in a month is:

<math>\text{reinforcements per month} = 100\ \cdot\ \text{army maintenance factor}\ \cdot\ \text{local reinforcement modifier}\ \cdot\ \left( 100% + \sum\text{global reinforcement modifiers} \right)</math>

;army maintenance factor
:The army maintenance factor scales linearly with the position of the army maintenance slider. It is 50% if the slider is at the far left and 100% if the slider is at the far right.

;local reinforcement modifier
:The local reinforcement modifier is 100% in owned provinces, 10% in uncolonized provinces, and 50% otherwise, be it a neutral, subject, ally, enemy, or occupied province. If the army has a leader, each point of {{icon|land leader maneuver|24px}} maneuver will increase the local reinforcement modifier by {{green|+10%}} additively up to a maximum of 100%. An army that has been in battle will suffer a temporary {{red|−40%}} penalty to their local reinforcement modifier for the current month if they are not in owned territory.

;global reinforcement modifiers
The reinforcement speed modifiers from ideas, policies, advisors etc. are summed up.

Reinforce speed is affected by the following:
{| class="mildtable"
! style="width:30px" | [[File:Reinforce speed.png|24px]]
! Conditions
|-
| align=right | {{green|+33%}} || with a {{icon|quartermaster|24px}} quartermaster as advisor
|-
| align=right | {{green|+33%}} || with a {{icon|general|24px}} general with 'Battlefield Medic' trait
|-
| align=right | {{red|−25%}} || is [[bankrupt]]
|}
Ideas and policies:
{{bonus table|reinforce speed}}

All values above can be seen or deduced from the tooltip over each army's total soldier count.

=== Reinforce cost ===
{{expand}}
<math>{ \text{reinforcement cost} = 0.4 \cdot \frac{ \text{arriving base reinforcements}}{1000} \cdot \text{base regiment cost} \cdot \text{max} \left( 100% +  \sum\text{regiment cost modifiers} ,20% \right) \cdot \left( 100\% + \sum\text{land maintenance cost modifiers} \right) \cdot \left( 100\% + 2% \cdot \text{military technology} \right)}</math>

* The base reinforcements are up to 100 per Regiment, depending on army status and location.
* Additional reinforcements from reinforcement speed modifiers don't cost extra ducats, but still consume additional manpower.

Ideas and policies:
{{bonus table|reinforce cost}}

==Mercenaries==
{{SVersion|1.24}}
Mercenary forces can serve as a supplement – or replacement – for a country's regular forces. They are only available in limited number. Mercenaries can be recruited in any controlled province (including occupied territory), unlike regular forces which require cored ownership or a subject province. Mercenaries are more expensive to maintain than regular forces. They are also quick to recruit and do not cost any manpower to build or reinforce. 

===Differences from regular forces===
*Recruitment time {{green|x0.25}}. 
:*This is a multiplier, not a -75% modifier.
*{{green|No}} manpower cost to recruit or reinforce.
*More expensive in both cost and maintenance
*No unlimited amount available

=== Mercenary support limit ===
The number of mercenaries a nation can field is determined by their mercenary support limit, which replaced the mercenary pool. Every country has a base of 20 regiments<ref name=defines /> plus 30% of its regular land force limit. This sum is modified by the available mercenaries modifier.

<math>\text{Mercenary support limit} = \left(20 + 30% \cdot \text{land force limit}\right) \cdot \left( 100% +  \sum\text{available mercenaries} \right)</math>

==== Available mercenaries ====
The available amount of mercenaries is modified by:
{| class="mildtable"
! style="width:30px" | {{icon|available mercenaries|24px}}
! Conditions
|-
| align=right | {{green|+5.0%}} || for raising [[war taxes]] for up to two years
|-
| align=right | {{green|+12.5%}} || during the [[English]] [[file:War of the Roses.png|24px|link=]]''“[[War of the Roses]]”'' [[disaster]].
|-
| align=right | {{green|+0.3%}} || per point of {{icon|army professionalism}} [[army professionalism]] below 50 (i.e. {{green|15%}} at 0, '''0''' at 50% or higher).
|}
Ideas and policies:
{{bonus table|available mercenaries}}
There are also many modifiers from decisions, events and missions that affect {{icon|available mercenaries|24px}} available mercenaries.

'''Note:''' The ‘available mercenaries’ modifiers affect also the maximum number of regiments for [[condottieri]] (only with {{icon|mn|24px}} Mare Nostrum DLC).

==={{icon|mercenary cost}}  Mercenary recruitment cost===
Mercenary recruitment cost is computed as follows:

<math>\text{Mercenary recruitment cost} = \text{base regiment cost} \cdot \left( 100\% + 50\% \text{ for being mercenary} + 1\% \text{ per mercenary regiment} + \sum\text{mercenary cost modifiers} \right)</math>

The base regiment costs are:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Regiment Type !! Base Cost
|-
| Infantry || 20 {{icon|ducats}}
|-
| Cavalry || 35 {{icon|ducats}}
|-
| Artillery || 40 {{icon|ducats}}
|}
Recruitment cost of mercenaries is not affected by regiment cost modifiers, but is affected by the following:
{{bonus table|mercenary cost}}

{| class="mildtable"
! {{icon|mercenary cost}}
! Modifier
|-
| style="text-align:right" | {{red|+50%}} || Base
|-
| style="text-align:right" | {{red|+1%}} || Per mercenary regiment already existing or being recruited
|-
| style="text-align:right" | {{green|−0.33%}} || Positive {{icon|prestige}} Prestige (per point)
|-
| style="text-align:right" | {{red|+0.33%}} || Negative {{icon|prestige}} Prestige (per point)
|}

=== Mercenary maintenance cost===
<math>\text{Mercenary maintenance per month} = 0.02 \cdot \left( \text{regiment strength} \right) \cdot \left( \text{base regiment cost} \right) \cdot \text{max} \left( 100% +  \sum\text{regiment cost modifiers} ,20% \right) \cdot \left( 100\% + 150\% \text{ for being mercenary} + \sum\text{mercenary maintenance modifiers} \right) \cdot \left( 100\% + 2% \cdot \text{military technology} \right) </math>

Note that for {{icon|mercenary maintenance}} mercenary maintenance:
:*There is a {{red|+150%}} modifier to mercenary maintenance.
:*This is affected by mercenary maintenance modifiers.
:*This is computed off the regular recruitment cost, not the mercenary recruitment cost.
:*Normal land maintenance doesn't have any impact on mercenary maintenance

*Mercenary maintenance cost can be affected by the following:
{{bonus table|merc maintenance modifier|collapse=yes}}
{| class = "mildtable"
! {{icon|mercenary maintenance}} !! Modifier
|-
| {{green|−25%}} || with a [[ruler]] which has the {{icon|fierce negotiator|24px}} ‘Fierce Negotiator’ personality
|-
| {{green|−15%}} || [[trading in]] {{icon|cloth}} Cloth
|}

=== Mercenary discipline ===
Some ideas and bonuses increase the [[discipline]] of mercenary regiments:
{{bonus table|mercenary discipline|collapse=yes}}
There are also modifiers from decisions, events and missions that affect {{icon|mercenary discipline|24px}} mercenary discipline.

== Marines ==
{{SVersion|1.30}}
{{expansion|rb|gc}}
Marines are a special unit type available for recruitment to any country as a percentage of its force-limit. Their main advantage is that they do not take attrition at sea, thus avoiding the attrition troops take when being transported in the open sea (10%) or along the coast (1%). Marines use sailors instead of manpower, they have +200% Disembarking Speed and ignore crossing penalties. However they do take +25% more shock damage.

=== Recruitment ===
Marines can be recruited from the macrobuilder (once unlocked via idea/tradition etc.) and they use 1,000 sailors per regiment. Their recruitment time and cost, as well as maintenance cost is identical to regular infantry regiments.

=== Available marines ===
Some ideas and bonuses increase the percentage of available marine regiments:
{{bonus table|marines force limit}}
{| class="mildtable"
! style="width:30px" | [[File:Marines force limit.png|24px]]
! Conditions
|-
| align=right | {{green|+10%}} || '''"Portuguese Marines"''' Naval Doctrine
|-
| align=right | {{green|+5%}} || '''"Venetian Marines"''' modifier granted by "Expand The Arsenal" Venetian mission
|-
| align=right | {{green|+2%}} || '''"Governor General's Mansion"''' Trade Company Investment
|}

== Special regiment categories ==
{{SVersion|1.24}}
Aside from regulars and mercenaries, there are five other categories of units with unique recruitment mechanics and modifiers that are each available only to countries that meet certain conditions. Because they are each recruited in a unique way, none cost {{icon|regiment cost}} ducats, {{icon|manpower}} manpower, or {{icon|recruitment time}} time to recruit, but unless stated otherwise they start at low {{icon|morale}} morale and are {{icon|land maintenance}} maintained and [[reinforcement|reinforced]] at the same ducat and manpower cost as regulars.

=== Banners ===
{{expansion|moh}}
Banners are a special unit category available to nations that have [[Culture#Culture_groups|Manchu]] or [[Culture#Culture_groups|Jurchen]] as their [[culture|primary culture]] and are available to the [[Mongol Empire]]. Banner units are displayed with a purple background in the army view. The total number of Banners can be viewed in the Military tab (shortcut .) by hovering over the total number of individual unit type. Banners have {{icon|discipline}} {{green|+5%}} discipline -- they can still be drilled -- and can be [[cavalry]] or [[infantry]].

Banners can be recruited in the state interface in states with primary culture cores. For Mongol Empire, this can be any culture that is set as the primary culture of the empire. For all others, banner units will no longer be available if primary culture is changed beyond Manchu. If recruited in the state interface then the exact unit type (cavalry vs infantry) depends on the total army composition. A newly raised banner unit will be cavalry unless the total cavalry proportion is at or over the {{icon|cavalry to infantry ratio}} cavalry to infantry ratio of the raising nation.

In each state, 1 banner regiment can be recruited for every total 16 {{icon|development}} development (rounded down) from provinces that are of the nation's primary culture. Availability is modified by the {{icon|possible manchu banners}} possible manchu banners modifier. It costs {{icon|corruption}} {{red|+1%}} corruption per banner regiment raised divided by the country's [[force limit]].

Unlike other special unit categories, banner units spawn at full morale but only have 100 men when recruited and must be reinforced to full strength. They reinforce at {{red|50%}} the {{icon|reinforce speed}} reinforcement rate (and is therefore a multiplier and not additive) *after all [[Army#Reinforcement_speed|Reinforcement Speed]] modifiers*, which are half as effective. They cost only {{green|25%}} manpower to reinforce, meaning that after the initial {{icon|corruption}} corruption cost of recruiting them, they will only consume {{green|25}} manpower for every 100 men reinforced. They also cost {{green|-50%}} the maintenance of their equivalent non-banner regiments.

==== Available Banners ====
The amount of banners raised per 16 primary-culture {{icon|development}} development is modified by:
{{bonus table|possible manchu banners}}
*The  [[Age of Absolutism]] ability '''Manchu Banners''', available only to Manchu and Qing, gives {{icon|banners}} {{green|+50%|}}.
*Each age after the {{icon|age of discovery}} age of discovery gives a cumulative {{icon|banners}} {{green|+50%|}}.

For example, Mongol Empire in [[Age of Revolutions]] gets {{green|+150%}} {{icon|banners}} possible banners. With that, 1 banner regiment can be raised per 6.4 primary-culture {{icon|development}} development in a state.

=== Streltsy ===
{{expansion|tr}}
Streltsy are a special unit category available only to countries with one of the three governments unique to East-Slavic-culture nations ([[Veche Republic]], [[Russian Principality]], and [[Tsardom]]), and are displayed with a silver background in the army view. Streltsy are always [[infantry]] and have {{icon|land fire damage}} {{green|+10%}} fire damage compared to other unit categories. 

They can be recruited by using the government action "Raise Streltsy", which will raise a number of Streltsy infantry regiments equal to 20% of your [[force limit]] in your capital while also reducing {{icon|war exhaustion}} war exhaustion by {{green|2}}. However, over-reliance on Streltsy is penalized: for each 1% of the country's force limit composed of Streltsy, a {{icon|stability cost}} {{red|+1%}} stability cost modifier malus is applied (this malus on the stability boost can be removed by disbanding the Streltsy units).

After reaching Conscription Army (60%+ army professionalism) Streltsy can be used as free manpower refreshment by disbanding them immediately after recruiting.

=== Cossacks ===
{{expansion|cos}}
Cossacks are a special unit category available only to countries that have access to the {{icon|cossacks}} cossacks estate, and are displayed with a gold background in the army view. Cossacks can be infantry or cavalry and have a {{icon|shock damage}} {{green|+10%}} shock damage bonus.

Cossacks can be recruited using the macro-builder if the Cossack Estate [[Estates#Estate interactions|estate interaction]] "Establish the Cossack Registers" Privilege is given, the number of regiments is limited to: <math>\text {Force Limit} \cdot \frac{\text{Percent of Cossack Estate Land}}{2}</math>.  If given the [[Estates#Estate interactions|estate interaction]] "Expand the Cossack Registers" Privilege this amount is repeated for a total of The number of regiments is instead limited to: <math>\text {Force Limit} \cdot {\text{Percent of Cossack Estate Land}}</math>.  
Over-reliance on Cossacks is penalized: for each 1% of the country's force limit composed of Cossacks , a {{icon|stability cost}} {{red|+1%}} stability cost modifier malus is applied (this malus on the stability boost can be removed by disbanding the Cossacks units).

=== Janissaries ===

<section begin=janissary_units/>{{expansion|coc}}
Janissaries are a special unit category available only to countries with the [[Ottoman government]], and are displayed with a red background in the army view. They are elite [[infantry]] troops with:
{{#lst:Static_modifiers|Janissaries}}

Janissaries can be recruited Macro-builder or from the state interface of [[states]] comprising heathen provinces: each 10 heathen {{icon|development}} development in the state gives 1 janissary regiment. This costs {{icon|mil}} {{red|10}} military power per regiment raised. They do not use manpower when recuited.  Over-reliance on janissaries may trigger the [[Janissary Coup]] disaster after the end of the {{icon|age of discovery}} 'Age of Discovery'.<section end=janissary_units/>

=== Rajputs ===
{{expansion|dhr}}
Rajputs are a special unit category available only to countries that have access to the {{icon|Rajputs}} Rajputs estate, and are displayed with a blue background in the army view. Rajput are always [[infantry]] and have:
{{#lst:Static_modifiers|rajput_regiment}}
Their base recruitment costs are raised to 15{{icon|ducats|24px}}.<ref name=defines />

Rajputs can be recruited in the [[macrobuilder]] after activating the Rajputs [[Dharma_estates#Rajputs_Privileges|estate privilege]] [[File:Privilege spawn rajput regiments.png|28px]] "Recruit Rajput Regiments". The number of regiments is limited to: <math>\text {Force Limit} \cdot \frac{\text{Percent of Rajput Estate Land}}{2}</math>

Rajputs can be improved by the Rajputs [[Dharma_estates#Rajputs_Privileges|estate privilege]] [[File:Privilege promote purbias.png|28px]] "Enlist Purbias", which will give Rajput units +10% {{icon|fire}} fire damage, and an additional +5% {{icon|discipline}} discipline if the Government Reform "Purbias Register" is enacted.

=== Revolutionary Guard ===
{{expansion|emp}}
Revolutionary Guard are a special unit category available to revolution countries that have the Tier 1 "Revolutionary Republic" Reform for republics or the Tier 1 "Revolutionary Empire" for a monarchy, and are displayed with a orange background in the army view

Revolutionary Guard can be recruited in the macro builder for twice the standard cost.  They may be infantry, cavalry or artillery units and have:
{{#lst:Static_modifiers|revolutionary_guard}}

Once unlocked, a series of decisions become available.  These decisions apply modifiers to Revolutionary Guard.  They are:
{|
|}
'''Mass Revolutionary Guard Training'''
{|
| {{icon|regiment drill loss}} || style="text-align:right" | {{red|+50%}} || Regiment drill loss modifier
|-
| {{icon|special unit force limit}} || style="text-align:right" | {{green|+10%}} || Special Unit Limit
|-
|}
'''Professional Revolutionary Guard Training''' (requires 40% Army Professionalism)
{|
| {{icon|land maintenance modifier}} || style="text-align:right" | {{red|+50%}} || Land Maintenance modifier
|-
| {{icon|regiment drill loss}} || style="text-align:right" | {{green|+25%}} || Regiment drill loss modifier
|-
|}	
'''Vanguard Revolutionary Guard Training''' (requires 60% Army Professionalism)
{|
| {{icon|land maintenance modifier}} || style="text-align:right" | {{red|+50%}} || Land Maintenance modifier
|-
| {{icon|fire damage received}} || style="text-align:right" | {{green|−10%}} || Fire damage received	
|-
| {{icon|shock damage received}} || style="text-align:right" | {{green|−10%}} || Shock damage received
|-
|}
'''Elite Revolutionary Guard Training''' (requires 80% Army Professionalism)
{|
| {{icon|land maintenance modifier}} || style="text-align:right" | {{red|+100%}} || Land Maintenance modifier
|-
| {{icon|discipline}} || style="text-align:right" | {{green|+2.5%}} || Discipline
|-
| {{icon|special unit force limit}} || style="text-align:right" | {{red|-10%}} || Special Unit Limit
|-
|}

The number of regiments is limited to: <math>\text {Force Limit} \cdot \frac{\text{Percent of Revolutionary Zeal}}{5}</math>

== Army professionalism and drilling ==
{{SVersion|1.24}}
{{expansion|coc}}
[[Cradle of Civilization]] introduced two new and linked concepts to the area of army management. Professionalism is an overall rating for a nation's land forces, while Drill level is specific to each regiment. Well drilled units are more effective in combat, and having units conduct drill is one of the primary means of building up a high level of professionalism, which unlocks new abilities for a nation's armies.

===Army professionalism===<!-- [[Professionalism]] and [[Slacken recruitment standards]] redirect here -->
[[File:ArmyProfessionalism.png|none]]
Each nation's army has a professionalism level (from 0% to 100%) measuring how closely an army models a professional standing army versus the feudal levies of the Middle Ages or the heavy reliance on mercenaries of the beginning of this period. The level of army professionalism can be found at the top of the [[Country_interface#Military|military tab]] in the country view. It has the following effects, scaling from 0% to 100%:
*{{green|+10%}} {{icon|shock damage}} Shock damage dealt
*{{green|+10%}} {{icon|land fire damage}} Fire damage dealt
*{{green|+20%}} {{icon|siege ability}} Siege ability
*{{green|-50%}} Regiment Drill loss (this applies to losses due to replacement manpower such as combat casualties or attrition and passive decay)

These modifiers apply to all land units, regardless of whether they are normal troops or mercenaries.

Scaling down from 0% to 50%, there are also bonuses for recruiting mercenaries:
*{{green|−15%}} {{icon|mercenary cost}} Mercenary cost
*{{green|+15%}} {{icon|available mercenaries}} Mercenary manpower


Additionally, the value of army professionalism unlocks a new interface look and new abilities for armies every 20 points:

;20% – Salaried Soldiers
:''May build supply depots'': for {{red|20}} {{icon|mil}} military power, an army can establish a supply depot in a friendly-controlled province. The supply depot will increase the friendly {{icon|supply}} supply in the entire [[area]] by {{green|50%}} and all friendly troops will {{icon|reinforce speed}} reinforce as if they were in their home territory (ie the local reinforcement rate will be 100% instead of 50% even outside the national borders). If the province is occupied by a hostile force, the depot will be destroyed, otherwise it lasts for 5 years.
;40% – Regiment Mustering
:''May refill garrison'': allows a unit to take some of its infantry strength to restore the {{icon|garrison growth}} garrison of a fort instantly, working in your own forts, as well as friendly and occupied enemy forts.
;60% – Conscription Army
:''Regain manpower when disbanding'': instead of the {{icon|manpower}} manpower disappearing, disbanded regiments now return their soldiers to the manpower pool.
;80% – Permanent Army
:[[File:Reduced morale damage taken by reserves.png|28px]] {{green|−50%}} Reduced morale damage taken by reserve – regiments in the back row during a day of battle normally take passive morale damage in large ongoing battles, but will now take {{green|−50%}} as much.
;100% – Professional Army
:{{icon|general cost}} {{green|−50%}} General cost
:{{icon|army drill gain modifier}} {{green|+100%}} Army drill gain modifier

There are certain actions that will increase/decrease the army professionalism value.
* Drilling armies ({{green|+1%}} per year if 100% of the [[force limit]] is drilling, to scale)
* Recruiting {{icon|general}} generals ({{green|+1%}} per general)
* Recruiting [[mercenaries]] decreases professionalism by {{red|−5%}} per mercenary company
* Hitting the '''Slacken Recruitment Standards''' button (adjacent to the buttons for activating and deactivating forts) will lower the army professionalism by {{red|−5%}} (to a minimum of 0%), but will give a nation two years' worth of {{icon|manpower}} manpower.
Certain events and decisions will influence army professionalism as well.

===Drilling===
[[File:DrillingArmy.png|500px|thumb|A muscovite army currently drilling.]]
Every (non-mercenary) regiment in a nation's army has an individual drill level (from 0% to 100%). Regiments with a high drill rating will be more effective in combat. Scaling with the level of a regiment's drill value the benefits are:
{{#lst:Static modifiers|ArmyDrill}}
Scaling up to 100, the average drill value of the regiments of an entire army gives:
{{#lst:Static modifiers|ArmyDrillAvg}}

Drilling can be initiated by pressing the drill button at the bottom of the army interface. Any army with a {{icon|general}} leader assigned can be drilled (unless it is composed entirely of mercenaries). While drilling it will incur the full maintenance cost regardless of the army maintenance slider on the budget screen, and its morale will be lowered severely. At the end of each month, the drill value of each non-mercenary regiment in the army will increase by a base of {{green|+0.83}} per month, amplified by any drill gain modifiers.  

Since mercenaries do not benefit from drilling, it is recommended to detach them from drilling armies if the maintenance slider is low, in order to save money.

During drilling, the {{icon|general}} leader of the army also has a chance of gaining additional leader pips. This likelihood depends on how much of the army they are drilling, relative to the [[force limit]] (around 10% yearly chance at 100% of the force limit currently drilling in a single army led by the leader). 

A regiment's drill value will decrease for two reasons. When a unit takes losses (from battle or attrition) and receives reinforcements, the new troops are considered un-drilled and will lower the regiments rating proportional to their numbers. (Example: an full strength regiment with 100% drill that takes 400 casualties will be at 60% drill when fully reinforced).  When not drilling, it degrades over time(base {{red|−0.08}} per month), and is modified by Regiment Drill Loss.

The speed at which armies are drilled can be improved with the following modifiers:
{| class="mildtable"
! style="width:50px" | [[file:army drill gain modifier.png|28px]]
! Conditions
|-
| align=right | {{green|+40%}}
| Enacting certain [[List of decision lists#Military|decisions]] (in exchange for increased {{icon|land maintenance}} maintenance)
|-
| align=right | {{green|+100%}}
|[[Janissaries|Janissary units]]
|-
| align=right | {{green|+100%}}
|from having maximum {{icon|army professionalism}} army professionalism
|-
|-
| align = right | {{green|+50%}}
| [[Sikh events#Guru Granth Sahib|Sikh Guru]]
|-

|}
{{bonus table|army drill gain modifier}}

== Movement ==
{{SVersion|1.24}}
===Amphibious landings===
Amphibious landings from transport fleets will always take 12 days<ref name=defines /> to complete if moving into non-hostile territory, and 36 days<ref name=defines /> if moving into hostile territory. Boarding a friendly transport from land will always take 12 days as well. These times are reduced by the maneuver rating of leaders.

===Three way battles===
If an army stops in a province in which two hostile forces are engaged in combat, it will wait on the sidelines and engage the victor once it emerges from battle. The victor from the first battle will now act as an attacker, and will suffer all terrain penalties appropriate for the province (unless that side controls a fort in the province, in which case it is the defender as normal). On the other hand, if only one of them is hostile, the newly arriving army will join the battle on the other side even if the non-enemy army is fighting in a different war.

===Terra incognita===
During peace time, only armies led by a conquistador may enter [[terra incognita]] provinces and explore them. In war time, all armies may enter terra incognita provinces if that province is controlled by hostile forces. If a terra incognita province is revealed while an army is attempting to move into it, its movement progress will immediately be updated, which can result in it teleporting into the province.

== References ==
<references/> 

{{mechanics navbox|War}}
[[Category:Military]]