Swedish events
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Upon his ascension to the Swedish throne, Gustav Vasa was faced with a seemingly endless list of discouraging tasks. The country was in massive debt to the Hansa (which threatened to side with Denmark in its attempts to restore the Union), the nobles were untrustworthy, and the army and navy were in shambles. Worst of all, however, was the unbalanced distribution of land. The crown lands were too small to provide the vital taxes needed to support the state. The King proved up to the challenge, and with unpopular reductions and obsessive micromanagement he got the country back on its feet. In his early reign, Gustav also sought to gain the Skåne counties and Gotland from Denmark with the help of the Hansa. He didn't succeed, but the claim had been staked...
Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson is a legendary and enigmatic figure in Swedish medieval history. In 1434 the peasants of Dalarna (The Dales) in Sweden had had enough of union king Erik's crushing taxes and brutal sheriffs. Led by Engelbrekt, the peasants and miners, supported by certain factions within the Church and gentry, rose up in open rebellion. They captured castle after castle and soon controlled the greater part of Sweden. Meanwhile, Erik Puke had joined Engelbrekt in revolt in Finland. For two years, Engelbrekt was the de-facto ruler of Sweden, but intrigue among the noblemen and infighting between Engelbrekt, Erik Puke and Karl Knutsson finally resulted in Engelbrekts murder at the hands of Måns Bengtsson Natt och Dag.
Following Sweden's victory over Russia in 1497, the scheming Union King Hans realized he had to curb the power of the Swedish marshal Sten Sture (the elder). Defeating the Swedes at Rotebro he marched into Stockholm and was crowned King of Sweden, but only after granting amnesty to Sten Sture and the rebels. This event was called the 'Kalmar Recess'. In 1500, following King Hans's crushing defeat by the peasant rebels in the Ditmarsk, Sten Sture and the Swedish nobles rejected the Kalmar Recess, claiming Hans had not been honoring the agreement. This was to mark the beginning of the end for the Union of Kalmar.
The crown councils of Norway, Sweden and Denmark met in 1397 in the city of Kalmar and decided to unite the three Scandinavian nations under a single monarch. This 'Union of Kalmar', at the time the largest state in Europe, was troubled from the start by its loose organization and unbalancing Danish domination. Constant strife in the late 1470's between Sweden and Denmark led to the final dissolution of the Union in 1523, when the national council of Sweden chose the freedom fighter Gustav Eriksson Vasa as King Gustav I (1523-1560), long after Regent Sten Sture I of Sweden had defeated the Danes at the battle of the Brunkeberg in 1471.
Sweden claims that [Root.Monarch.GetName] has been favoring Denmark too much and not honored his duties as Union King. They have collected sufficient evidence of this neglect and mistreatment to be considered to have a valid casus belli for an Independence War.
During the Swedish liberation war, the Crown had accrued enormous debts to the Hanseatic League and Gustav Vasa needed money quickly in order to placate the powerful merchants. At the Parliament of Västerås in the summer of 1527 he took the first step towards Protestantism when the Church was obliged to 'lend' the state money in the form of silver chalices, bells and other valuable objects. Over the coming three decades, Sweden gradually slipped into the evangelic faith despite several uprisings.
Jöran Persson was a Swedish statesman. In the early 1550s he studied law at the University of Wittenberg and returned to Sweden with a letter of recommendation from the German theologian and reformer Philipp Melanchton. He quickly distinguished himself and rose to become King Eric XIV's most trusted councilor as well as head of the King's network of spies. Persson also acted as the King's prosecutor and was responsible for a large number of the three hundred death sentences handed down by the High Court. He was widely seen as a Machiavellian figure, holding too much influence over Eric. After King Eric was removed from power, Persson was arrested by the nobility and executed. After the decapitation his dismembered body was displayed at Brunkeberg square.
Per Brahe the Elder was a Swedish statesman and nephew of King Gustavus Vasa. Brahe was highly regarded by the King and distinguished himself during the Dacke feud. He acted as Governor of Stockholm Castle from 1540 and was awarded a place in the Privy Council in 1544. At the coronation of King Eric XIV in 1561 Brahe was made Count of Visingsborg, and the accession of King John III saw him appointed the Lord High Justiciar of Sweden as well as Governor of Norrland.
In 1614, the Walloon entrepreneur Louis de Geer set up shop in Sweden and undertook the development of the iron ore mining and foundries in northern Sweden. For some time already, Walloon craftsmen from the Hainaut, Brabant and Luxemburg regions had been fleeing unemployment and immigrated to Sweden. The influx of master metal workers and ore refiners vitalized the industry and led to a massive improvement in steel quality - a major advantage in weapons manufacture. In a few decades, Sweden became a major exporter of steel and cannon as well as copper and iron.
In the early 17th century, Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus undertook a set of measures to reform the Swedish military system. Sweden would develop a professional army around the conscription of soldiers on the basis of same geographical origin (cities, hamlets, villages) that would bring team spirit and cohesion to units that did not exist in most mercenary armies of the time. The tactical innovations included shallower and broader formations to maximize firepower, cross training between the army branches, and light, highly mobile field artillery. The new Swedish tactical doctrine was based on firepower and mobility, eschewing heavy artillery and slow-moving tercios.
The Swedish warship Vasa was built as a symbol of Sweden's military and political power and Gustavus Adolphus's authority as a warrior king. At the time she was one of the largest and most heavily armed warships in the world. Constructed between 1626 and 1628, no expense was spared in decorating and equipping her and she featured no less than 64 guns. The problem was that Vasa was built top-heavy and had insufficient ballast to support that many guns. On her maiden voyage on the 10 August 1628, the ship foundered and sank outside Beckholmen after sailing less than a nautical mile
Per Brahe the Younger was a Swedish officer and statesman. After studies abroad he became chamberlain to Gustavus Adolphus. Between 1626-1628 he participated in the war against Poland and later followed the King to Germany during the early Thirty Years War. He was made a Privy Councilor and led the peace negotiations with Poland in 1635. Two years later he was appointed Governor General in Finland and in 1641 as Lord High Steward. His contribution to development in Finland included introducing a postal system and the founding of several cities, among them Tavastehus and Nyslott. He also contributed to the founding of the Royal Academy of Åbo.
Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie, the son of Field Marshal Jacob De la Gardie, was born on October 15, 1.25 in Reval. He received a thorough education and spent some time in France and the Netherlands. In 1643 he returned to Sweden to take part in Torstenson's War against Denmark, where he served under Field Marshal Gustav Horn. Once a favorite of Queen Christina he later fell out of favor with her. He became a Lieutenant General under his brother-in-law King Charles X Gustav and commanded troops in the wars against Poland and Russia. When King Charles X Gustav died in 1660, De la Gardie was appointed member of the regency council during the minority of Charles XI. He later lost more than any other noble during Charles XI's reduction, and died on April 26, 1686.
During the first half of the 17th century, the newly risen great power of Sweden sought ways of reforming her trade as effectively as she had the army. Foreign entrepreneurs (mostly from the Low Countries, like Louis de Geer) started up flourishing businesses and provided excellent role models for Swedish merchants. The Swedes were even persuaded by certain Dutchmen to embark on lucrative colonial ventures, but the attempts were half-hearted as Sweden chose instead to pursue an aggressive continental policy. Swedish trade never really took off either, due to the constant mercantilist interference of a money starved government.
After the disastrous war of 1674-79, which Sweden was more or less forced into by France, Charles XI and broad layers of the Swedish administration realized that something had to change. The King, in two surprisingly painless parliament sessions 1680 and 1682, assumed sole control of the country with no obligation to heed either parliament or royal council. Thus began the period of Caroline absolutism in Sweden, with the king called 'the Graycoat' for his humility and simple habits, answerable only to God.
Born in 1583, Axel Oxenstierna started his civil career for the Swedish State in 1602, and became Chancellor between 1612 and 1654. He proved to be the most able administrator Sweden has ever had. Like Charles IX, Oxenstierna was impressed by Calvinism, and harbored notions of adopting at least elements of that faith. As Gustavus Adolphus's right hand man, he fought against the King's plans to intervene in the Thirty Years War. However, after the death of the King at Lützen in 1632, he assumed the leadership of the Protestant cause and managed to convince the French to actively participate in the conflict. He always followed domestic policies closely, but lost most of his influence following the abdication of Queen Christina, which he opposed. He died in 1654, shortly after the coronation of King Charles X Gustavus.
Gustavus Adolphus founded the first Swedish court of appeals, 'Svea Hovrätt', in 1614 as a higher instance than the old local courts, or 'tingsrätt'. Today there are six such courts in Sweden.
Upon Gustavus Adolphus not entirely unexpected but greatly feared demise at Lützen on November 6, 1632 Axel Oxenstierna had to shoulder the full burden of governing the realm as head regent for Gustavus's six year old daughter Christina. The brilliant administrator kept the nation running smoothly, but the aristocratic tendencies that had been kept in check by the late king were unleashed in full by the high lords of the regency to the great detriment of the lower classes and the Crown. One of the other five regents was Carl Carlsson Gyllenhielm, bastard brother to Gustavus and high admiral of the realm. Of the lot, he was the least concerned with personal wealth and privileges.
Charles Gustavus selection as crown prince came about only with promises of change for the peasants and burghers at the Riksdag of 1650. Thus, when he succeeded Christina to the throne in 1654 he felt an obligation to lighten their burden as well as strengthen the state finances. As always, there were only two real ways of accomplishing this - reduction or increased contributions from the aristocracy. With great reluctance the nobles agreed to a limited reduction. After all, increased contributions were almost the same thing as paying taxes, something nobles simply didn't do.
Queen Christina's reign was troubled by her struggle with the high lords of the Council, particularly the chancellor, Axel Oxenstierna. In spite of his opposition, she was a prime mover in concluding the Peace of Westphalia (1648) and ending the Thirty Years War. An assiduous politician, Christina was able to keep the bitter class rivalries that broke out after the war from lapsing into civil war but was unable to solve the desperate financial problems caused by the long years of fighting. In the end, she had to recall Oxenstierna and accept the failure of her reform program.
In 1649 Christina made public that she had decided not to marry and at the parliament the next year she made her cousin Charles Gustavus heir to the throne. In the early 1650s she had also decided to convert to become Roman Catholic. Her decision to convert was not the only reason for abdicating in 1654, as there was also increasing criticism and discontent over her wasteful ways.
On his deathbed, Charles X appointed the regents for his son Charles in a way that would limit the power of the high aristocracy to avoid a situation similar to Axel Oxenstierna's regency. Soon after he was dead however, the Council and the House of Lords managed to replace two of his closest supporters, Prince Adolf Johan and Herman Fleming, with the more pliable Lars Kagg and Gustav Bonde. The result was a return to the government statutes of 1634, with policies closely aligned with the interests of the landed nobles.
The Swedish kings of the 16th and 17th centuries alternated between acceptance and dislike of the nobility. In Gustav Vasa's time there was little difference between a rich farmer and a nobleman, but the situation changed towards the end of his life. Erik XIV kept the nobles on a short leash whereas his brother John wanted to expand their privileges. The third brother, who was to become Charles IX, hated the nobility with an almost revolutionary fervor and surrounded himself with men of the lower classes, toying with ideas that were unheard of in his time. Under Gustavus Adolphus and Axel Oxenstierna the pendulum swung the other way and the nobles gained both land and power. This tendency took an abrupt end with Charles XI, who after the humiliating defeat of Sweden in 1679 commenced a policy of wide scale reductions of the lands and powers of the nobility and abolished the special privileges of the Baltic lords.
Charles XI was not a great warrior king like his father and his son, but he was a great reorganizer and consolidator. Apart from his centralization efforts and huge reduction of aristocratic land holdings, he also remodeled the army. Most importantly, he devised the genial 'indelningsverk', or military-tenure system. The system was a military organization where the soldiers were given a croft to live on and cultivate (made possible by the reduction), where the harvest served as their wages. Thus the country could maintain a large army in both times of peace and of war. If a peasant assumed the responsibility of maintaining an enlisted rider, his horse and equipment, he was exempted from conscription and freed from paying taxes. The peasants could cooperate in groups of 2-5 farms and maintain a soldier or a sailor. The soldiers were organized into companies of 150 men, and every county should field a regiment of 1200 men. The new system also made no distinction between officers of noble birth and commoners.
In 1724, following the disastrous conclusion to the Great Northern War, the Swedish Riksdag decided to implement a policy similar to the English Act of Navigation of 1651. Success was very limited. Although the ship building industry was stimulated as a positive side-effect, the increase in trade revenues was slight. In the end, the act mainly succeeded in garnering the hostility of the English and Dutch merchants who were the obvious targets.
Pietism was a religious movement that started in Germany during the latter part of the 17th century. Traditionally, the Pietist movement has been viewed as a backlash against intellectualism prevalent in and among the Protestant ranks, especially in the Lutheran Church during that period. The poor Swedish soldiers, who spent long years as prisoners in Tobolsk following the battle of Poltava, had to hold their own Lutheran mass thus learning to appreciate pietism. It was with their return that the movement really took off in Sweden. However, the Swedish Lutheran Church disapproved most strongly of unauthorized preaching, which led to the Conventicle Edict of 1726, forbidding any religious gatherings outside the framework of the Church.
Gustavus III, the 'theater king', declared war on Russia in the summer of 1788. His main goals were to reclaim the honor of the Swedish military, retake some land that had been lost to Russia in previous wars and perhaps most importantly - put a stop to the incessant Russian meddling in Swedish politics. At the time, Sweden had a magnificent fleet and a rather effective army, but most of the officers could be described as politicians rather than soldiers. The Swedish army began marching on St. Petersburg and won some minor battles despite the compact resistance from the officers. On August 12 a group of 112 Finnish noble officers formed the 'Anjala League' and opened up negotiations with the Russians, declaring the war to be illegal and probing for the possibility of an independent Finnish state. This event effectively ended all hopes of a Swedish victory since the king was in a poor position to execute the traitors and have them replaced.
The devastating loss of Finland in 1809 was widely blamed on King Gustav IV Adolf, and on March 13, 1809 he was deposed in a coup d'Etat by certain liberal officials and officers in Sweden's western army. Gustavus and his heirs were deprived of their royal titles and encouraged to leave the country. The deposed king eventually settled in Switzerland under the name of Colonel Gustafsson. While the search went on for a new crown prince Sweden was ruled by Gustavus's aged and childless uncle Charles (XIII). The Danish prince Christian August was elected, but died suddenly in 1810. The Riksdag frantically cast about for a replacement and finally decided on the French marshal Jean-Baptist Bernadotte.
Gustav IV Adolf was in many ways the complete opposite of his father. Upon assuming the throne, he immediately put an end to the glamorous but costly balls, state dinners and parties that Gustav III had so dearly loved. Indeed, despite his other failures, Gustav IV Adolf had a keen sense of economy and the state finances improved significantly under his administration.
In response to the rising clamor for more power to the aristocracy, Gustav III appealed to the three lower estates (clergy, burghers, and peasants) of the Riksdag and in 1789 established a new constitution that augmented the royal authority. This Act of Union and Security was in effect almost a return to the days of absolutism under Charles XI and XII. It proved too much for the aristocracy however, and the King was murdered while attending the Stockholm opera house on March 16, 1792
Gustav IV Adolf has always been blamed for the loss of Finland, and been accused of being a weak and insanely stubborn monarch. Time has forgotten the many important reforms he put in motion - not the least of which was the great agricultural reform supervised by Rutger MacLean. MacLean was a harsh man, who didn't hesitate to burn down the houses of peasants who refused to move to their assigned lots. But in the end the farmers thanked him, as the new methods and larger fields resulted in more bountiful harvests than ever before.
Dissatisfaction with the lords' government grew among the peasants during the Age of Liberty. The Russian victory of the Hats' Russian War of 1741-1743 and the question of succession after the childless Frederick I were the main reasons. The dissatisfaction was even stronger in the province of Dalarna where the Hats had introduced restrictions on the Dalecarlians' free trade with Norway. In 1743 the peasants of Dalarna rebelled in what became known as the Great Dalecarlian Dance. They were joined by the local regiment who had suffered heavy casualties at the bloody battle of Villmanstrand in 1741. The election of the Danish crown prince Frederick as king and a harsh inquisition against the generals responsible for the disastrous Russian War became the uprising's main objectives. The mob armed themselves and on 11 June started to march on Stockholm.
The turning point, however, was not King Johan's inheritance of France, nor his move to Palais Royal, preferring the warm cosmopolitan feel of 17th century Paris to the dreary winter nights of Stockholm. The turning point would come the following month, with the Great Fire of Paris, 1651. The fire broke out in what is today the sixth arrondissement, and while containing Palais Royal, the Hôtel de Ville, and the Notre Dame Cathedral would be out of danger, separated from the fire by the Seine River, it soon became clear that everything south of the river was in grave jeopardy. The confusion between the Swedish-speaking administrators and their French-speaking firefighter subordinates left the response effort disjointed and chaotic, though a heroic effort tried to save it, the still-new Pont Royal burned, barring any further ability to save southern Paris. Making the matters worse, screaming, wailing refugees formed chaotic mobs. A rioting mob of the new homeless stormed what is now the 8th arrondissement, pillaging the Champs-Élysees. Only Swedish soldiers prevented the critical fourth arrondissement and the Palais Royal from receiving the same fate. Once the ashes settled, much of French Paris had vanished. King Johan saw an opportunity in the ruined remnants of his new city. He set up an official, subsidized settlement for refugees, but placed it in Saint-Germain. As the French homeless moved out of Paris for less central parts of Ile-de-France, Johan hired Maurice de Blois, the greatest architect of the day, to rebuild the areas south of the Seine in a very Scandinavian style. Johan, nervous that the nobles back in Sweden would revolt, came up with a creative solution. He invited the nobility of Sweden and Finland to resettle in southern Paris, so they would have proximity to the Palais Royal, and so Johan could keep an eye on them.
In 1679 veteran campaigner and military engineer Erik Dahlberg was appointed head of the Swedish Bureau of Fortifications. At the time Sweden was at the zenith of its power and the offensive policy of the previous decades had left the country with longer borders than ever. Erik Dahlberg and his team designed several forbidding fortresses and had them constructed at key points around the Empire masterfully using the terrain to the greatest possible effect. The great forts Lejonet and Kronan in Gothenburg, the fortress of Varberg and the fortress of Dalarö are all testaments to his genius. Unfortunately the strained budget did not allow for the eastern provinces, which would prove disastrous in the years to come...
Botanist, architect, historian, astronomer and musician. Olof Rudbeck was an academic jack-of-all-trades, but above all he was a romantic and a patriot. His life's work was the 'Atlantica' - a massive history in which he claimed that Sweden was in fact the mythical Atlantis. Due to Rudbeck's outstanding reputation and the learned nature of his discourse, the grandiose work was surprisingly well received. All cultures, the professor claimed, originated in Sweden.
Emanuel Swedenborg was one of Sweden's first natural scientists whose early works included the brilliant 'Principles of Natural Things' in which he reached by inductive argument several conclusions that greatly resemble the theories of modern scientists. Swedenborg's life changed dramatically during one of his travels. He had strange dreams and visions that caused him forsake natural science and turn to mysticism. In 1758 he published his most influential work - 'On Heaven and Its Wonders and on Hell'.
Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus is the father of modern taxonomy. The publication of his 'Species Plantarum' in 1753 marked the beginning of an age of classification and discovery. Linnaeus himself was mostly active in Sweden, eagerly cataloging the flora of northern Europe, but his students were dispatched all over the world. Daniel Solander even accompanied Captain James Cook on his famous first journey around the globe.
The death of the childless Charles XII left his younger sister Ulrika Eleonora in charge as Queen. The staunch parliamentarian, Chancellor Arvid Horn, immediately seized this opportunity to bring down the absolutism and strengthen the powers of Parliament. While his democratic leanings were in a way commendable, his actions were to completely destabilize Sweden and make her a puppet of foreign interests for the next 50 years. This so called Age of Freedom also saw the aristocracy regain some of their lost ground. However, the young queen saw no clear alternative that would not upset her war weary people too much.
The Swedish Hat party, impressed by the large manufactories in the Netherlands and England, decided to speed up the industrialization in Sweden by founding a number of state controlled ventures in cooperation with the potato farmer and industrial magnate Jonas Ahlströmer. Success was limited, but some of the manufactories proved able to turn out a handsome profit... eventually.
Swedish politics from 1721 to 1772 was dominated completely by the paralyzing bickering between the so called Hat and Cap parties. The Caps, initially led by Arvid Horn, were backed by Russia and England, whereas the Hats were supported by France. The foreign meddling increased steadily, and when Gustavus III seized power in 1772 the most powerful political figure in Sweden was the Russian ambassador. At the Riksdag of 1738 the Hats managed to outmaneuver the peaceful Arvid Horn and seize power. Horn had made the mistake of renewing the defensive alliance of 1724 with Russia and at the same time trying to negotiate a subsidy treaty with France, which was still officially supporting Stanislaw Leszczynski against the Russians in Poland.
Swedish politics from 1721 to 1772 was dominated completely by the paralyzing bickering between the so called Hat and Cap parties. The Caps, initially led by Arvid Horn, were backed by Russia and England, whereas the Hats were supported by France. The foreign meddling increased steadily, and when Gustavus III seized power in 1772 the most powerful political figure in Sweden was the Russian ambassador. At the Riksdag of 1746 the Hats once again got the upper hand, despite their recent disastrous war against Russia. Sweden entered a defensive pact with Prussia and began reforming the army and navy with French subsidies.
The Swedish king Adolf Frederick had been reduced to a puppet that had to sign whatever document the National Council put on his desk. Nevertheless, the king and his queen, Lovisa Ulrika, tried to sabotage the council sessions and enforce their will whenever they got the chance. In 1756, the Council informed the king that they were going to start using a royal seal on documents he refused to sign. Furious at this blatant insult, the Queen began planning a Coup d'Etat in June, but her co-conspirators were exposed and executed. As a result, royal power was reduced yet another notch.
Swedish politics from 1721 to 1772 was dominated completely by the paralyzing bickering between the so called Hat and Cap parties. The Caps, initially led by Arvid Horn, were backed by Russia and England, whereas the Hats were supported by France. The foreign meddling increased steadily, and when Gustavus III seized power in 1772 the most powerful political figure in Sweden was the Russian ambassador. The situation at the Riksdag of 1760 was a Hat party that was losing its French support due to its ineffectual policies and a revitalized Cap party propagating for freedom of press and free trade. Nevertheless the Hats won yet again, perhaps due to the ongoing war with Prussia.
Swedish politics from 1721 to 1772 was dominated completely by the paralyzing bickering between the so called Hat and Cap parties. The Caps, initially led by Arvid Horn, were backed by Russia and England, whereas the Hats were supported by France. The foreign meddling increased steadily, and when Gustavus III seized power in 1772 the most powerful political figure in Sweden was the Russian ambassador. In 1765 the Caps finally managed to regain power in the Riksdag after almost 30 years of more or less disastrous Hat rule. The Caps only ruled for three years, and despite but managed to institute freedom of press and initiate limited free trade reforms.
Gustav III, upon succeeding to the Swedish throne, beheld a nation being sucked down into a maelstrom of chaos by the paralyzing bickering of the Hat and Cap parties. Something had to be done, and soon, or Sweden might share the same fate as poor, unfortunate Poland. So, rather than standing back and watching his nation being torn asunder by Scylla and Carybdis, the King took matters in his own hands and seized power through a bloodless Coup d'Etat. Thus began the Gustavian period of Swedish history.
Our ruler is childless and feeble, some new blood on the throne is needed. The only legitimate child of the beloved Gustavus Adolphus, Christina Vasa, shows great promise. With the guidance of counselors, she might be able to keep Sweden as a major power throughout her reign. She is intelligent, with a great interest in all of the sciences and arts.
Germaine de Staël, a young woman with an intelligence that has brought her great renown, has reached our court. She is a writer and an intellect who has hosted many salons and thus gained fame both in Sweden and in France. She opposes the growing tyrant Napoleon with her pen, her novels thin allegories for the plight of freedom in France. Napoleon greatly respects Germaine de Staël's talents, and has been known to say that she 'taught people to think, and reminded those who had forgotten how'.
Alas, the may flys does not live longer
They come and go with the sun.
When the evening wind blows by your ear,
In it is an image of my fates!
So sad around my grave does the sylphid go
and blow away my memory from time
VITALIS'
The statesman and noble Johan Skytte gave his daughters Vendela and Anna the same education as their brothers - the two studied theology, ethics, history, philology and geology. Vendela mastered Latin, French, German and Greek, and wrote letters in Latin to the learned Catharina Burea. Her parents admired the humanists Thomas More, Erasmus of Rotterdam and Juan Luis Vives, which led to the unusual educational level of Vendela. She married the noble colonel lieutenant Hans Kyle who was in service of the army of the [Root.Monarch.GetTitle] and sometimes accompanied him in Germany. In $COUNTRY$, she held a salon and participated in intellectual debates, surrounding herself with scientists and artists. Her beauty and wit was admired and she was famed for her learning and academic abilities, rare qualities for her sex. 'Sexus et sæculi miraculum' - The wonder of her time and her sex - Vendela was called by Georg Stiernhielm, something she proved at the Jesuit College in Braunsberg in East Prussia where she conducted a religious debate with learned Catholic males. She won the debate in perfect Latin, questioning the most sacred ideals of the Catholic religion.
This is a list of all of 
Sweden's events: [1]
Contents
- 1 The Centralization Reforms of Gustav Vasa
- 2 The Engelbrekt Rebellion
- 3 The Kalmar Recess
- 4 The End of the Kalmar Union
- 5 Union in Danger
- 6 The Parliament of Västerås
- 7 Jöran Persson
- 8 Per Brahe the Elder
- 9 The Walloons in Sweden
- 10 The Military Reforms of Gustavus Adolphus
- 11 The Sinking of Vasa
- 12 Per Brahe the Younger
- 13 Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie
- 14 The Mercantile Reforms
- 15 The Absolutism
- 16 Axel Oxenstierna
- 17 The Court of Appeals
- 18 Oxenstierna's Regency
- 19 The Quarter Reduction of Charles X
- 20 The Quarter Reduction of Christina
- 21 Queen Christina - The Catholic Maiden
- 22 De La Gardie's Regency
- 23 The Great Reduction
- 24 The Great Army Reorganization
- 25 The Product Act
- 26 Pietism and the Conventicle Edict
- 27 The Anjala League
- 28 The Dethronement of Gustav IV Adolf
- 29 The Reforms of Gustav IV Adolf
- 30 The Act of Union and Security
- 31 The Great Agricultural Reform
- 32 The Great Dalecarlian Dance
- 33 A Swedish City!
- 34 Erik Dahlberg
- 35 Olof Rudbeck publishes 'Atlantica'
- 36 Emanuel Swedenborg
- 37 Carolus Linnaeus
- 38 Arvid Horn and the Age of Freedom
- 39 The Mercantile Reforms of the Hats
- 40 Swedish Parliament of 1738
- 41 Swedish Parliament of 1746
- 42 The Coup of 1756
- 43 Swedish Parliament of 1760
- 44 Swedish Parliament of 1765
- 45 The Coup d'Etat and the Enlightened Despot
- 46 Queen Christina of Sweden
- 47 Germaine de Staël
- 48 Vendela Skytte
id
The Centralization Reforms of Gustav Vasa
This event happens only once during a campaign.
Trigger conditions
|
Mean time to happen
200 months |
 Reform and claim our lands!
Let things be as they are
| |
id
The Engelbrekt Rebellion
This event happens only once during a campaign.
| Trigger conditions | Mean time to happen
120 months |
Have Engelbrekt murdered
Stand by the union
Pick of the torch of freedom! | |
id
The Kalmar Recess
This event happens only once during a campaign.
| Trigger conditions
Year is 1470 or later |
Mean time to happen
120 months |
Reject the Kalmar Recess
Honor the Agreement | |
id
The End of the Kalmar Union
This event happens only once during a campaign.
| Trigger conditions
Year is 1490 or later |
Mean time to happen
200 months |
Immediate effects
| |
Freedom!
Stay in the Union | |
id
Union in Danger
Trigger conditions
|
Is triggered only by
the event "The End of the Kalmar Union" |
This will not stand
| |
id
The Parliament of Västerås
This event happens only once during a campaign.
Trigger conditions
|
Mean time to happen
64 months |
This is the One True Faith!
| |
id
Jöran Persson
This event happens only once during a campaign.
Trigger conditions
The year is between 1555 and 1568 |
Mean time to happen
60 months |
An Excellent Minister!
| |
id
Per Brahe the Elder
This event happens only once during a campaign.
Trigger conditions
The year is between 1550 and 1590 |
Mean time to happen
240 months |
An Excellent Minister!
| |
id
The Walloons in Sweden
This event happens only once during a campaign.
Trigger conditions
Year is 1600 or later |
Mean time to happen
240 months |
Encourage Walloon immigration
We are not interested
| |
id
The Military Reforms of Gustavus Adolphus
This event happens only once during a campaign.
Trigger conditions
|
Mean time to happen
64 months |
Regional Conscription
Mercenary Core
Naval Expansion
| |
id
The Sinking of Vasa
This event happens only once during a campaign.
Trigger conditions
|
Mean time to happen
12 months |
Our reputation is ruined!
| |
id
Per Brahe the Younger
This event happens only once during a campaign.
Trigger conditions
The year is between 1632 and 1680 |
Mean time to happen
120 months |
Immediate effects
| |
An Excellent Minister!
| |
id
Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie
This event happens only once during a campaign.
Trigger conditions
The year is between 1652 and 1686 |
Mean time to happen
80 months |
An Excellent Minister!
| |
id
The Mercantile Reforms
This event happens only once during a campaign.
Trigger conditions
|
Mean time to happen
120 months |
Mercantilist Policy
Free Trade Policy
Colonial Policy
| |
id
The Absolutism
This event happens only once during a campaign.
Trigger conditions
Year is 1600 or later |
Mean time to happen
200 months |
The King shall rule supreme
The King must heed the Council
| |
id
Axel Oxenstierna
This event happens only once during a campaign.
Trigger conditions
The year is between 1613 and 1654 |
Mean time to happen
200 months |
An Excellent Minister!
| |
id
The Court of Appeals
This event happens only once during a campaign.
Trigger conditions
The year is between 1610 and 1630 |
Mean time to happen
2000 months |
Ok
| |
id
Oxenstierna's Regency
This event happens only once during a campaign.
Trigger conditions
The year is before 1670 |
Mean time to happen
4 months |
Grant the aristocracy new privileges
Resist these tendencies
| |
id
The Quarter Reduction of Charles X
This event happens only once during a campaign.
Trigger conditions
|
Mean time to happen
120 months |
More land to the Crown! Every owned province lose Force the nobles to contribute more Gain Align with the Lords
| |
id
The Quarter Reduction of Christina
This event happens only once during a campaign.
Trigger conditions
|
Mean time to happen
120 months |
More land to the Crown One random Swedish owned province in capital area
Align with the Lords One random Swedish owned province in capital area
| |
id
Queen Christina - The Catholic Maiden
This event happens only once during a campaign.
Trigger conditions
|
Mean time to happen
64 months |
Abdicate
Stay and convert
| |
id
De La Gardie's Regency
This event happens only once during a campaign.
Trigger conditions
The year is 1600 or later |
Mean time to happen
32 months |
Immediate effects
| |
Replace the King's Men
Comply with the King's Will
| |
id
The Great Reduction
This event happens only once during a campaign.
Trigger conditions
The year is 1650 or later |
Mean time to happen
200 months |
Time of reckoning for the lords
Bargain with the lords Gain ruler modifier “Reduction Compromise” until ruler's death, giving:
Leave it be Every owned province gain | |
id
The Great Army Reorganization
This event happens only once during a campaign.
Trigger conditions
The year is between 1650 and 1750 |
Mean time to happen
200 months |
Reform the army
Use the old system
| |
id
The Product Act
This event happens only once during a campaign.
Trigger conditions
The year is between 1700 and 1800 |
Mean time to happen
200 months |
Pass the Act
Maintain the present policy
| |
id
Pietism and the Conventicle Edict
This event happens only once during a campaign.
Trigger conditions
The year is 1710 or later |
Mean time to happen
240 months |
Sign the Conventicle Edict Gain country modifier “The Conventicle Edict” until the end of the campaign, giving:
Allow Pietism Gain country modifier “Pietism” until the end of the campaign, giving:
| |
id
The Anjala League
This event happens only once during a campaign.
Trigger conditions
|
Mean time to happen
12 months |
Negotiate with the Traitors
Execute the Traitors
| |
id
The Dethronement of Gustav IV Adolf
This event happens only once during a campaign.
Trigger conditions
The year is 1750 or later |
Mean time to happen
32 months |
Dethrone him Ruler dies Let him rule
| |
id
The Reforms of Gustav IV Adolf
This event happens only once during a campaign.
Trigger conditions
The year is 1750 or later |
Mean time to happen
120 months |
Reform the economy Two random owned provinces in capital area (except capital):
Carry on as before
| |
id
The Act of Union and Security
This event happens only once during a campaign.
Trigger conditions
The year is 1750 or later |
Mean time to happen
1200 months |
Pass the Act
Refuse the Act
| |
id
The Great Agricultural Reform
This event happens only once during a campaign.
Trigger conditions
The year is 1700 or later |
Mean time to happen
400 months |
Initiate the Reform
Carry on as before
| |
id
The Great Dalecarlian Dance
Trigger conditions
The year is 1700 or later |
Mean time to happen
200 months |
Restrict their trade
Confirm their trade rights
| |
id
A Swedish City!
This event happens only once during a campaign.
| Trigger conditions | Mean time to happen
1 month |
That isn't something awful...
| |
id
Erik Dahlberg
This event happens only once during a campaign.
Trigger conditions
The year is between 1660 and 1703 |
Mean time to happen
100 months |
Excellent Gain | |
id
Olof Rudbeck publishes 'Atlantica'
This event happens only once during a campaign.
Trigger conditions
The year is between 1660 and 1702 |
Mean time to happen
100 months |
Excellent Gain | |
id
Emanuel Swedenborg
This event happens only once during a campaign.
Trigger conditions
The year is between 1718 and 1772 |
Mean time to happen
100 months |
Excellent
| |
id
Carolus Linnaeus
This event happens only once during a campaign.
Trigger conditions
The year is between 1737 and 1778 |
Mean time to happen
100 months |
Excellent
| |
id
Arvid Horn and the Age of Freedom
This event happens only once during a campaign.
Trigger conditions
The year is 1700 or later |
Mean time to happen
12 months |
Abandon absolutism
Hold on to the reins Lose | |
id
The Mercantile Reforms of the Hats
This event happens only once during a campaign.
Trigger conditions
|
Mean time to happen
120 months |
Time to Experiment
Mercantilism is Dead Lose | |
id
Swedish Parliament of 1738
This event happens only once during a campaign.
| Trigger conditions
The year is between 1738 and 1739 |
Mean time to happen
1 month |
Let the Hats win
Let the Caps win | |
id
Swedish Parliament of 1746
This event happens only once during a campaign.
| Trigger conditions
The year is between 1746 and 1747 |
Mean time to happen
1 month |
Let the Hats win
Let the Caps win | |
id
The Coup of 1756
This event happens only once during a campaign.
Trigger conditions
The year is between 1756 and 1758 |
Mean time to happen
6 months |
Confirm the Current Constitution
Increase the Royal influence Gain | |
id
Swedish Parliament of 1760
This event happens only once during a campaign.
| Trigger conditions
The year is between 1760 and 1761 |
Mean time to happen
1 month |
Let the Hats win
Let the Caps win | |
id
Swedish Parliament of 1765
This event happens only once during a campaign.
| Trigger conditions
The year is between 1765 and 1766 |
Mean time to happen
1 month |
Let the Hats win
Let the Caps win | |
id
The Coup d'Etat and the Enlightened Despot
This event happens only once during a campaign.
Trigger conditions
|
Mean time to happen
32 months |
The King shall rule!
No more tyrants!
| |
id
Queen Christina of Sweden
This event happens only once during a campaign.
| Trigger conditions
The country:
The year is between 1626 and 1700. |
Mean time to happen
200 months |
Place her upon the throne. Get a new female ruler Christina of Vasa dynasty with:
If the country uses ‘Statists vs Monarchists’ mechanics:
Give her a place in the court - as an advisor, at the most.
| |
id
Germaine de Staël
This event happens only once during a campaign.
| Trigger conditions
The year is at least 1766. |
Mean time to happen
200 months |
With her skills, we should hire her as spymaster.
She will make an excellent statesman!
| |
id
Vendela Skytte
They come and go with the sun.
When the evening wind blows by your ear,
In it is an image of my fates!
So sad around my grave does the sylphid go
and blow away my memory from time
VITALIS'
The statesman and noble Johan Skytte gave his daughters Vendela and Anna the same education as their brothers - the two studied theology, ethics, history, philology and geology. Vendela mastered Latin, French, German and Greek, and wrote letters in Latin to the learned Catharina Burea. Her parents admired the humanists Thomas More, Erasmus of Rotterdam and Juan Luis Vives, which led to the unusual educational level of Vendela. She married the noble colonel lieutenant Hans Kyle who was in service of the army of the [Root.Monarch.GetTitle] and sometimes accompanied him in Germany. In $COUNTRY$, she held a salon and participated in intellectual debates, surrounding herself with scientists and artists. Her beauty and wit was admired and she was famed for her learning and academic abilities, rare qualities for her sex. 'Sexus et sæculi miraculum' - The wonder of her time and her sex - Vendela was called by Georg Stiernhielm, something she proved at the Jesuit College in Braunsberg in East Prussia where she conducted a religious debate with learned Catholic males. She won the debate in perfect Latin, questioning the most sacred ideals of the Catholic religion.
This event happens only once during a campaign.
Trigger conditions
The year is between 1608 and 1658. |
Mean time to happen
200 months |
Why haven't we invited her to court sooner?
She is the ideal of a female academic! Gain the “Vendela Skytte” country modifier for
| |
- ↑ The script code is located in /Europa Universalis IV/events/FlavorSWE.txt
